Global inequality and international trade

The paper analyses the effect of widespread trade liberalisationon global income inequality. The analysis of the trend in globalinequality during 1981–97, presented in the first partof the paper, shows that the apparent growth of income inequalityamong countries conceals a process of convergence. Some developingcountries achieved significantly faster economic growth thanthe advanced industrialised countries and, though small in number,they actually account for a majority of the population of thedeveloping world. Thus international inequality (i.e., the inequalityof distribution of per capita incomes among the world's population)in fact declined even though the inter-country income inequalityincreased. The analysis in the second part of the paper shows(i) that while improved trade performance did have a stimulatingeffect on growth performance of countries, trade liberalisationhad extremely varied effects on trade performance across countries,and (ii) that the distribution of benefits and costs of tradeliberalisation across countries has been such as to reduce internationalinequality without affecting inter-country inequality.     

国际产业结构的趋同与贸易摩擦的博弈分析

国际贸易理论阐释了在完全分工与贸易互利性的双赢理念.现实的国际贸易实践却是:在关乎国计民生具有重要战略意义的农业以及能带来高额利润的高科技产业和其它产业,出现了国与国之间同构的现象.出口相似性指数和产品相似系数都显示了这种同构日趋严重,文中的博弈模型论证了产业结构的同构引发了国际市场上激烈的竞争,致使各国之间的贸易摩擦风起云涌,呈现出广泛性的特征.     

朝日两国经贸合作现状与前景分析

20世纪90年代初，朝日双边经贸合作的步伐开始加快，2000年以前，日本一直继中国之后为朝鲜的第二大贸易对象国，可是从2002年开始，由于“人质绑架”和“朝核危机”等问题影响的扩大，双方间的经贸合作出现了较大的滑坡，且一直呈继续萎缩趋势，但从长远看，随着“人质”和“朝核”问题的逐渐解决和朝鲜经济的复苏，朝日间的经贸合作的前景还是较为乐观，但道路会很艰辛和曲折，需要一定的时间和双方付诸积极的努力才能改变这种局面．     

The Gravity Equation in International Trade in Services

The main purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of various factors on bilateral services trade, relative to that on bilateral goods trade. To accomplish this purpose, using the standard gravity model, we ran regressions on bilateral services trade and goods trade between 10 OECD member countries and other economies (including OECD member and nonmember countries) for the years 1999 and 2000. One main and interesting result is that services trade is better predicted by gravity equations than goods trade. Another interesting result is that there is a complementary relationship between goods exports and services imports. JEL no. F10, F20, L51, F80     

银行业跨国并购的协同效应与金融服务贸易自由化

20世纪90年代以来,随着金融全球化的不断深入和发展,金融业发生了席卷全球的第三次银行并购浪潮,银行业跨国并购活动大量出现,这既给我国金融服务贸易自由化创造了机遇也带来了挑战。本文分析了银行跨国并购的协同效应及其对我国金融服务贸易自由化影响。     

Cooperative and Non-Cooperative R&D Policy in an Economic Union

What are the consequences of decentralized R&;D policies within an economic union? Do non-cooperative policies generate too high R&;D subsidies? To address such questions, we construct a simple model where firms invest in quality-improving R&;D. With goods produced in different countries within an economic union, we compare non-cooperative and cooperative R&;D policies. We show that non-cooperative policies imply too small R&;D subsidies for horizontally differentiated goods and too high subsidies for close substitutes. Furthermore, small countries have less incentive to subsidize R&;D than large countries, resulting in an unwarranted vertical product differentiation between goods produced in different countries.     

The Technology Innovation System in Japan

In recent years, many pieces of the Japanese puzzle have been identified and described as lessons for Western businessmen to learn. But the pieces are part of an interlocking system and to understand the role of each piece, it's necessary to see the whole. In the Japanese technology innovation system there are many parts—companies, universities, research institutes, government—and the way they are put together is the subject of this article by Joseph MacDowall. He points out some very unique characteristics about the way the system works. But he also points out some characteristics that are very much Western in origin. This article is based on the personal observations of the author, made during in-depth discussions he held during site visits to over 20 industrial plants or to their research and development laboratories, 25 government research institutes, and at least eight Japanese universities. During the four years he lived in Japan, Mr. MacDowall participated in discussions on the subjects of research, technology, work life, and Japanese culture.     

Low-wage manufacturing and global commodity chains: a model in the unequal exchange tradition

The institutional setting of subcontracted manufacturing hasa profound impact on how the benefits of trade are distributed.This paper develops a model that combines insights from unequalexchange theorists and global commodity chain analysis to clarifythe distributive dynamics of production networks in which subcontractingand branding are defining features. In this framework, the abilityof productivity growth to increase income from exports is constrainedand depends on how the benefits of productivity improvementsare captured—as lower consumer prices or higher rentsfor brand-name multinationals. Increasing consumption in affluentconsumer markets raises export earnings. However, developingcountries, acting alone, are constrained in their ability toaffect the demand side of global commodity chains. Instead,supply-side policies to support industrial upgrading representa more viable option for raising incomes.     

Asian development and poverty reduction strategies: Integrating fisheries into the development discourse

Asia is the world’s foremost capture fishery and aquaculture producer. It is also home to the majority of the world’s fishers and marine fleet (decked and undecked). Consequently, there is every reason to expect that this importance is reflected in national development discourses. This article identifies the socio-economic importance of fisheries in the region in terms of its contribution to primary exports, domestic protein consumption, employment and poverty alleviation. We then analyse national development and poverty reduction strategy documents using a content analysis methodology previously applied to measure the extent to which environmental or forestry issues had been mainstreamed into national policy documents. This enables us to identify those countries that have currently integrated fisheries into the national development discourse – and those that have not. We conclude by proposing two strategies to enable the more effective integration of fisheries into the development agenda.     

美国出口管制政策、对华出口管制及其发展趋势研判

出口管制政策是美国为保障国家安全、实现外交政策所采取的经济手段之一。美国出口管制政策的原则有国家安全原则、外交政策原则和短缺物质原则等,出口管制政策的措施主要有许可证审批、商品管制清单和国别分类组等内容。影响美国对华出口管制政策未来发展的因素众多,如中国经济崛起、台海局势及美国对华巨额贸易逆差等,短期内美国不太可能放松直至取消对华出口管制政策。美国对华出口管制政策既损害了美国自身经济贸易的发展,也损害了中国经济贸易的发展,其实质是一种经济帝国主义的表现。